Have to agree with Den, I am afraid. Shadow had obedience training and if I tell him to wait, he waits. The first time he saw a mob of sheep when off leash, he was with an english pointer, who as you know will be off like the wind after anything that moves. Shadow thought long and hard about following while I stood there reinforcing the order to wait, then come to me, but come he did, and this despite the fact the other dog was still running around like a mad thing. Any dog can be trained by positive reinforcement, they don't need pain-threats to get them to obey ... Those are just quick fixes for people who are unwilling to put the time in, IMO